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Math and Culture in the Arab World

Added Oct 21, 2014 •

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the following presentation is brought to you by Discovery Education reading the world of digital and video Discovery Education connect to a world of learning this is the Fertile Crescent in the Middle East this plain lies within the countries of turkey Iran Iraq and Syria the region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers was known as Mesopotamia region was the birthplace of the world's first cities and civilizations  the Sumerians I know MattyB came to this part of the Fertile Crescent thousands of years ago the Sumerians settled on this wide flat plane so they could turn the rich soil deposited when the rivers flooded each year the land became known as Sumer over many years the Sumerians prove their farming methods and became the first people to develop farming Gates such as irrigation and the plow these advances increase the production their fields has their food stores grew so did the Sumerian population the Sumerians a band of the simple mud Huts they had lived in and began building permanent communities of mud brick homes like 3000 BC many of these communities had grown into cities some of the world's first  Sunset Europe that is many as 40,000 residents  the large cities became city-states powerful cities that control the lands around them Sumerian culture thrive in these cities the inventions of the sail the wheel and bronze and glass making all got their start in Sumer the Sumerians were the first people to practice astronomy and they also developed a calendar religion was important Sumerians the world's first great monuments were ziggurats mud-brick temples built to honor the many Sumerian gods Zoomers priest may have created the first system of writing they recorded their temples landholdings and grain supplies in cuneiform shape markings made in clay tablets at first the priests ruled most of these cities but as the city-states grew and came into conflict with each other Warrior Kings often Rose to take their place  around 2350 BC One such King name Sargon the Great conquered Zuma city-states and created Mesopotamias First Empire  although sargon's Empire and those that followed eventually crumble many Sumerian ideas survive and spread throughout the Middle East in Egypt one of the oldest surviving cultures Groupon banks of the Nile River  a consumer the rich floodplains of the Nile River Valley gave the Egyptian soil fertile enough to grow their crops and their civilization  but the Egyptians and Sumerians were not the only people who shaped the civilizations of the ancient Middle East a nomad people traveling between these two empires played a major role in the Region's development  they were the Hebrews like the Sumerians the Heat chose to settle in the Fertile Crescent  but the Hebrews came looking for more than four towel and they came to worship the first Hebrew leader said that God had promised them Canaan a region that includes modern day Israel and Palestine the Hebrew succeeded in taking painting around 1000 BC although they would later lose the region and struggle for their very survival the Hebrew succeeded in establishing the world's first Bridget to worship one God Judaism a religion that has injured from ancient times to today the Arabian Peninsula is a dry land located between Modern Day Iran arak and Africa  ancient Sarah's where tribal people some lived as Nomads While others settled in town  during the sixth Century ad Mecca and many other large cities became thriving commercial centers  goods from Asia Africa and Europe flowed into Mecca  put Mega Lismore can a trading City it was a religious Center to  most ancient Arabs were polytheistic meaning they worshipped many different gods was home to the Kaaba Shrine housing many items dedicated to these Gods was also home to a humble Merchant name on it turn it was critical of the greed corruption and violence he saw in Mecca  sometimes he went outside the city to pray  can 610 in a cave outside Mecca Muhammad had a divine revelation or Vision an angel told him to spread God's word and leave the a religious movement Muhammad return to Mecca and spoke out against poverty and Injustice he preached that there was only one God Muhammad's new religion became known as Islam which in Arabic means submission to God  Muhammad was known as the prophet congratulate he began to attract new believers who are called Muslims  the rich and Powerful in Mecca felt threatened by Muhammad's call to abandon the gods and by his call to eliminate inequality and Injustice in society today's city leaders forced him in about 200 of his lowers to flee Mecca in 622 Muhammad saddles in jazz rib at Desert City about 300 miles to the north there Thomas and Islam prospered or city of the Prophet over the next eight years Muhammad and followers Nami  and 6:30 Muhammad and his followers returned to Mecca they took the city without a fight  Muhammad destroy the idols of the old gods that surrounded the kabah and it became the holiest Shrine of the Muslim religion  Odell Muhammad died two years after taking Mecca Islam continue to spread under the rule of Caleb's the Muslim leaders who came after him  Islamic Army spread from Arabia East into and Weston to Egypt and across North Africa  within 100 years a vast Islamic empire extended from Spain and North Africa to the edge India  Jones mod minarets for calling the faithful to prayer and teeming marketplaces spread across the empire the emerging Islamic civilization  Islamic scholars translated The Works of ancient Greek thinkers into Arabic keeping their ideas alive law after their original sources were destroyed  and Islamic achievements in science medicine literature architecture spread to Europe and contributed to the intellectual Awakening called the Renaissance  from its humble beginnings Islam grew into a Empire and a world religion that lives on with a rich past and evolving future what is the earliest and most influential Scholars House of Wisdom was Abu Jafar Muhammad it's a Musa Al khwarizmi the life of he may have come from the Parisian south of the Aral Sea in Central Asia and has greatly influenced hot today Aquarius me is credited with introducing the Arab world to Indian numerals  similar to the Arabs Indian civilization crash during the Dark Ages in Europe among the many Indian accomplishments in math and science was the creation of a decimal place value number system in this type of system each place value is equal to a power of 10  the fact the numbers we use today originated India  call Charisma wrote a book on Indian numerals of which only a Latin translation still survives titled auger it need a new indoor importers me on the Hindu art of Reckoning  from this title came the word algorithm commonly used in math next to mina step-by-step problem-solving procedure  historians often refer to alcoholism as the father of algebra how to break principles were certainly understood by earlier civilizations such as the Chinese and the Greeks Aquarius Mews book He's sub aljabar while Luca translated in English as the compendious book on calculation by completion and reduction has given us the word algebra and it is widely regarded first book written on the subject the word as a bar means completion and it is the process of removing negative terms from an equation for example in equation x squared equals 40 x -4 x squared we can who's the negative term for x squared and rewrite the equation as 5 x squared equals 40 x  the term Kabbalah means reduction or balancing and it is the process of removing positive terms of the same power when they occur on both sides of an equation it is what in modern mathematics is known as simplifying an expression  for example in the equation 50 + 3 plus x squared equals 29 + 10x we can reduce the positive terms of the same Power by subtracting 29 from both sides of you as well as subtracting 3x from both sides of the equation to get 21 plus x squared equals 7X this Treatise on Algebra teach practical uses of a tank  much of what is preached in the Quran deal with practical matters such as inheritance legacies partitioning of land and lawsuits  he became very important for the our people to devise simple efficient it's for performing the calculations involved in these matters  interesting Lee l Core Business book on algebra does not contain any numbers or variables all of the arithmetic is written entirely in words  he begins by defining the three types of numbers that are required to perform calculations an algebra roots and simple numbers  can a quadratic equation terms like x + 5x are when is linear terms can you turn x squared the root of his term is X what are far is meant by the term root  a square is defined as the root multiplied by itself in other words if x equals 5 the next square equals 25  I need to find a simple number as any number that can be expressed without reference to either a route Square  Sweeney equation x + x squared equals 25 x is a root x squared is a square and 25 is a simple number El Corazon explained that equations in Algebra can be broken down into six standard forums 1 squares equal two routes two squares equal two numbers three equal two numbers four squares and Roots equal to numbers  5 squares and numbers equal to roots and 6 Spritz and numbers equal 2 squares the scholars of the Muslim empire Drew heavily on the work of other civilizations around the globe they were clearly influenced by the Greeks for often credited with developing and formalizing the study of geometry can use geometry to prove his Illusions in algebra  algorithme was followed by a number of other important mathematicians and scientists in the hour of pause in the 8th 9th and 10th centuries many more ancient Greek and Hindu tax would be translated and expanded upon in the Islamic empire finesse more advanced concepts in algebra and geometry would arise as well as the birth of a new field of mathematics on a tree  in the 12th century the Golden Age of Muslim society would begin to decline as your opinions manik Empire entered into one of the most brutal periods in human history the Crusades however the mathematical and scientific achievements of the Arab people would not be lost  algebra that evolve during this time would prove to be fundamental to Modern mathematics  in later centuries mathematicians would build upon this in combination with the Greek formalization of geometry and give rise to a host of mathematical Innovations vital to the science and save the world we know today in the mysterious deserts of Arabia the mass of the Ancients was revived and redesigned for all future Generations disadvantage of West Africa were home to two of Africa's great attention trading Empires  both set up along the banks of the Niger River in the modern nation of Mali the first of these Empires was called Ghana Ghana built its power on the deposits of gold that can still be found in the region  Ghana grew Rich by controlling a lucrative gold and salt trade between the people of West Africa the news of North Africa after ruling much of West Africa for over seven hundred years the Ghana Empire was defeated by Arabs in 1076  when Ghana fell the valuable Caravan routes did it protected became dangerous and trade suffer but another Empire arose in the grasses of the savanna this new Mali Empire was founded in 1235 by the young king Sundiata whose name means hungering line  Sundiata recaptured the gold producing areas in West Africa and reestablish the goal sell trade profits from trade made Molly's Emperors rich and Powerful  Molly's most famous temper was Monza who shot who came to power around 1312 the empire for 25 years was a devout Muslim one of the first rulers to make Islam his Empire's official religion but Mazda moves at wasn't content to Simply practice Islam and Molly he wanted to make the pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca in modern Saudi Arabia  this pilgrimage called the Hajj is one of the pillars of Islam for duties that a faithful Muslim should perform  in 1324 Mansa Musa set out for Mecca but he didn't make the journey as a humble Pilgrim my symbols that turned it into a royal occasion he brought down some officials and slaves with them loaded more than 80 camels with sacks of gold and dressed himself and his servants in rich silks and Jewellery it said that Mom said and his followers spent and gave away gold so generously that they upset many of the local economies they passed through they left behind so much did Cairo Egypt that gold became almost commonplace there and lost much of its value  by the time Mansa Musa completed his pilgrimage incredible wealth of his Empire had become widely known  Molly standing in the world sword and even more trade-in well came to its which city's Mansa Musa used his wealth to spread the religion of Islam he brought Egyptian artist to Molly to build fabulous mosques he also brought Muslim Scholars to teach the basic beliefs of Islam he had a new Palace built in Timbuktu  the city has the bustling center of the gold and salt trade for centuries Merchants traveled long dangerous roads to gather in Timbuktu to buy gold slaves in exchange for Saharan salt and North African cloth and horses under Mansa Musa the city was transformed into a center of his mama teaching soon Timbuktu overflowed with students and Scholars from around the Muslim world but it wasn't just on the pass colors of Timbuktu study  doctors there pioneered new operations on the human eye and mathematicians reworked ideas from to create the Arabic numerals that form the basis of today's numbering system  Mansa Musa had transformed Ali's wealth into lasting Monument and a commodity even more valuable than gold knowledge what are the origins of humans have nation and where did it all begin the Bible's creation story tells of Adam and Eve living in the Garden of Eden tempted by evil their through paradise and forced to thrive in their own their banishment from the garden heralded the birth of civilization archaeology tell the different creation story man is the product of evolution was born in the Neolithic age and so Scholars have consign the story of the Garden of Eden to the realm of Mythology but when is Dorian David you're going to prove that existed one of the most important pieces of evidence to show the Eden did exist and what it might be located has been staring Us in the face with Generations it's just the in recent years we haven't really bothered to take it seriously  Dubai forms are connected to the location of Four Rivers we always know the identities of the and hit account the famous rivers the Greeks call Euphrates and Tigris flowing through ancient Mesopotamia now modern rock the problem is that we've been identifying the other two rivers to get on and the fish on  Burleigh Church Scholars red and Genesis that the river get on flow do the land of kush  but where was Chris the only person you was in Africa south of the land of the Pharaohs in what we now call Sudan and he topia  they therefore assume that the game on had to be the Nile of course if it get on was as far away from the Tiger Euphrates is denial it made sense to look much further afield for the fish on  I'm so they decided on either the Indus Organics Rivers Indian subcontinent  as a result early Scholars concluded that eaten in confis the whole of the ancient world stretching all the way from Africa to India but the show isn't what the Genesis text is telling us we read that mankind was banished from Eden exiled sorry existence beyond the boundaries of the Earthly Paradise so the prison Compass the whole world we need to be thinking on a very different scale something much smaller I most specific a river flowed from Eden to water the garden and from there divided to make foreheads  the Hebrew word for head is Rosh as in Hashanah the Jewish New Year which actually means the head of the year  another word the beginning of the year shea butter  so in Genesis 2 with a pour-over Chimas used he thinks it has to refer to the name the sources or headwaters of the four rivers in Eden  David Rowe believe they should looking for Eden with a sources of four major rivers diverge from the Highland Watershed into the sea the sources of the Tigris and Euphrates are located in a mountainous region between Eastern Turkey and Western you run  did roll is right he did must be somewhere round here and so must the headwaters of the other two rivers  there are indeed two other major rivers in the region flowing towards the Caspian Sea these be the biblical Rivers get on in tissue  the only way to find out is to go there and what can be discovered it makes him a dog using a piece of Sumerian literature to locate the 50 need fluid in the Sumerian the most dr. Irvin Finkel is the Sumerian expert at the British museum the Biblical word itself comes missing mirroring word which is usually with no usually spelled e d e n e d i which was the word do you think an iPhone and severe an inspection for the the Staten Island and outside a settlement outside of which is over the board of the cultivated area that was what they considered the edging beat it simply means plane or uncultivated land  if this is Eden roll hopes to find the two missing rivers and the fish on he should be able to find the lands of crush and how do I and of course the river of the garden  if you remember the Bible tells us that began on flow through the land of kush so early Christian Scholars concluded that this was the land of kush in Africa  Satellite Beach Saint should name of this region through which the guy home flows is also Crush I'm not mounting up there today still cool push it down mountain of kush  there can be little doubt that the guy hun and the biblical jahaan are one in the same and that this is the real Genesis  and sorrow has identified the third of the four rivers in Genesis that pinpoint Eden location of the Fourth River also slot into the place just where you'd expected in the Southeastern quarter of a map  is the river tell who is on which the biblical author call through the land of gold  gold still found in the castle who was on today indeed the word Chasm means golden the Golden who is on but how can it was on be the same as **** on the answer as language experts have suggested the transcribing of an ancient Iranian name into Biblical Hebrew which is a Semitic language for example the ancient minion city of Lewes Dairy is today known by the Arabic name of pistelli that rainy and letter U as the, submit p in the same way that rainy and River name who is on has been converted into submission by a Biblical author  we may not able to truly returned to the Earthly Paradise but at least by means of modern television magic we can store the Valley of the garden back to its primeval plam Sabattus world climatologist tell us that Westerly winds brought warm air from the men ranian creating a microclimate in the long narrow Valley extra moisture encourage dense vegetation growth and a large variety of tree enticing to look at and bearing fruit good to eat  in the deep red soil covering the Foothills Orchards of Apple apricot pistachio and almond Ray's Grill in abundance wild vines and Twine for smoking Terraces heavily Laden with Bunches of what is the Mesopotamian word for Vine is the word used in Genesis for the Tree of Life and through the valley play River of the Garden on its way to the marshes of orumieh  This truly was a paradise on Earth YouTube

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